Answers for 8/31

1. Absolute measurement refers to the measurement of fixed values which are precisely defined. They cannot be altered.
ex. millimetre, points, picas

2. Relative measurements are measurements that change and are dependent on another element, there is not an absolute size or prescribed size (changes with typeface).
ex. ems and ens

3. Points are a unit of measure used for type size of a font, it refers to the height of the type block, not the actual letter.
ex. 7 pt. Garmond

4. Pica's are a unit of measurement equal to 12 points, usually used for measuring lines of type
ex. 6 picas in an inch.

5. Em's are a unit used for typesetting to define basic spacing functions- related to size of the type (if the size goes up, so does the em). Commonly used to define elements like spacing and paragraph indents.

6. En's a are type of measurement equal to half of am em, used to denote nested clauses
ex. "to" as in a score: 3 "-" 5

7. Legibility refers to readability of text and coherency of a layout. Spacing needs to be well manipulated to match cultural norms and expectancy.

8. Rags usually occur when very noticeable shapes form when the lines of text ends, this distracts from the reading.
ex. exaggerated slopes or extreme inclines

9. Flush left happens when type is set to the even left margin, leaving uneven or ragged right margins.
Advantages: people read text left to right, space between words remains constant
Disadvantages: ragged right column may distract reader because the lines are unbalanced

Flush right is when text is aligned on the right side, resulting in an uneven left side.
Advantages: good for small blocks of text, captions, or anything with asymmetrical layouts
Disadvantages: reduces readability, difficult to identify the start of the next line

Centered: type set on central axis, even word spacing but results in uneven left and right margins
Advantages: good for single page design in formal contexts
Disadvantages: reduces readability because of uneven left and right margins

Justified: space between words is adjusted in each line with even left and right margins
Advantages: even left and right margin, neat box with even sides
Disadvantages: space between words varies with each line to ensure that is has even margins
requires hyphenation and wide columns and number of characters per line

10. Word Spacing: Space between words usually equal to width of a lowercase "i" which is ideal.
Adjustable, improved readability because of reducing word spacing, greater
continuity and less of an interruption in the flow of a sentence.

11. Rivers happen when justified text blocks cause a separation of words which leaves gaps of
white space in several lines. White space gaps join together in a body of text.

12. Indents are when a line of text is pushed in farther then the rest of the text from the margin.
Provides reader with an easily accessible entry point to a paragraph.

13. Leading refers to the depth of space between lines. Space between lines of text in a text block
Changes with type size, used to avoid overlap.
ex. the use of relative measure

14. Kerning means adjustments to the spacing of a particular letter pair (kerning pairs).
When done the right way, ensures a consistent rhythm of intercharacter space.

15. Tracking is adjusting the overall space between letters, aka letterspacing.
ex. common to track capitals and small capitals

16. Weights are when typefaces include a choice of weights
ex. book, medium, demi, ultra bold, light etc

17. Scale is an element used when text is differentiated from the main text block to stand out,
needs to be at least 2 points different to be successful.
ex. title or pull quote is bigger

18. Typographic differentiation purpose is to clarify for the viewer specific kinds of emphasis and
prioritization. Also to distinguish between the kinds of content.

19.Orphans happen when the final one or two lines of a paragraph are separated from the main
paragraph to form a new column.

20. Widows occur when there is a single word on the last line of a paragraph.